Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries, which regulate hormone production and egg development. Because symptoms are often nonspecific, diagnosis is frequently delayed until advanced stages, contributing to poorer outcomes. Early recognition and timely intervention can significantly improve prognosis.

How common is ovarian cancer?

Each year, around 324,000 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and approximately 207,000 die of it. Globally, it ranks as the eighth most common cancer and the eighth leading cause of cancer-related death among women.

What symptoms are associated with ovarian cancer?

Common symptoms of ovarian cancer typically occur 12 or more times per month and include:

• Frequent bloating
• Pelvic pain
• Early satiety
• Increased urinary urgency 

Other signs may include:

• Indigestion
• Changes in bowel habits
• Back pain
• Persistent fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss
• Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

Ovarian cancer is typically diagnosed through a pelvic examination, imaging (ultrasound or CT), blood tests (including CA-125), and surgical biopsy for histopathological confirmation. Genetic testing may also be used to identify hereditary mutations that inform treatment and familial risk.

What are the treatments for ovarian cancer?

First-line treatment for ovarian cancer includes cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. The surgical approach depends on disease stage – from unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in early-stage cases to total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, and lymphadenectomy in advanced disease. Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery, or via hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Additional options include poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, hormone therapy for low-grade serous tumors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in select molecular contexts. Palliative care is essential throughout, helping manage symptoms to improve quality of life.

Developed by EPG Health for Medthority, independently of any sponsor.