HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that targets CD4+ T lymphocytes, weakening the immune system. HIV progresses through three stages:
- Stage 1: Acute HIV infection
- Stage 2: Chronic HIV infection
- Stage 3: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
AIDS is the most severe stage of HIV infection and is characterized by significant immune system damage and increased vulnerability to opportunistic infections.
How is HIV transmitted?
HIV can be transmitted through the female or male genital tract, intestinal tract, placenta (maternal–infant exposure), or bloodstream.
What are the treatment options for HIV?
HIV treatments are designed to control the virus and maintain immune function. Options include highly active antiretroviral therapy, which combines three or more antiretroviral drugs – such as nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase strand transfer inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and chemokine receptor 5 antagonists – and long-acting injections for individuals with viral suppression. Regular monitoring of viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts, along with resistance testing, helps inform when treatment adjustments may be required.
What are the preventive measures for HIV?
Prevention remains the cornerstone of HIV control efforts. Key strategies include:
- Practicing safe sex
- Undergoing regular testing for sexually transmitted infections
- Using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for individuals at high risk
- Initiating post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) promptly after potential exposure
- Never sharing needles
What are the latest advances in HIV research?
Recent HIV research is exploring the promise of long-acting injectables for both prevention and treatment, as well as single-tablet regimens for treatment. Long-acting injectables may have fewer side effects but face challenges including higher costs and injection site reactions.
Developed by EPG Health for Medthority, independently of any sponsor.
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