Hypertension

Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Clinically, it is defined as an average sustained blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg – a threshold at which patients without established vascular disease may benefit from antihypertensive therapy.

Despite its prevalence, hypertension often goes unnoticed until complications arise, making early identification and management important.

What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?

Primary hypertension, also known as essential hypertension or the “silent killer,” accounts for 90–95% of cases. Although the exact cause is unknown, factors often interact to gradually raise blood pressure over time. These include:

• Genetics
• Age
• Obesity
• High sodium intake
• Low potassium intake
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Stress
• Smoking

Secondary hypertension accounts for 5–10% of cases and stems from a specific, identifiable condition. It often affects younger people and those with resistant hypertension. Common causes include:

• Chronic kidney disease
• Endocrine disorders
• Sleep apnea
• Congenital heart defects
• Substance abuse
• Medications, such as oral contraceptives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroids

What are the common symptoms of hypertension?

Hypertension is frequently asymptomatic, particularly in its early stages. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Chest pain
• Breathlessness

In secondary hypertension, symptoms may also reflect the underlying condition responsible for the elevated blood pressure.

How is hypertension treated?

Managing primary hypertension often involves lifestyle interventions – such as dietary changes, weight loss, and increased physical activity – alongside long-term pharmacologic therapy. In contrast, secondary hypertension is treated by targeting the underlying cause, which may result in normalization of blood pressure. Depending on the etiology, interventions may include diuretics, lifestyle changes, or surgical procedures.

Developed by EPG Health for Medthority, independently of any sponsor.