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This review focuses on current treatments and the future outlook for allergic rhinitis. Pharmacotherapy includes mast cell stabilizers, antihistamines, glucocorticosteroids (GCSs), leukotriene receptor antagonists, and nasal decongestants.

An estimated 300 million people are affected by asthma worldwide and the burden is likely to rise substantially in the next few decades. Estimates of the prevalence of asthma range from 7% in France and Germany to 11% in the USA...

The airway epithelium stretches and relaxes during the normal respiratory cycle, and hyperventilation exaggerates this effect, resulting in changes in lung physiology.

Guidelines for the management of severe asthma do not emphasize the measurement of the inflammatory component of airway disease to indicate appropriate treatments or to monitor response to treatment.

Asthma is an allergic disorder with dominant type 2 airway inflammation, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Inhalation of corticosteroids is the primary treatment for asthma along with add-on drugs, including...

Areas covered: Severe asthmatics represent a distinct phenotype with their mixed pattern of neutrophilic-eosinophilic infiltration and glucocorticoid insensitivity making them refractory to currently available therapies.

Background: The aim of this study was to describe differences between allergic and non-allergic asthma in a large community-based sample of Danish adolescents and adults.

Purpose of review: Asthma is a heterogenous disease associated with different phenotypes and endotypes. The unmet needs with severe asthma have led to the emergence of potential therapeutic targets beyond the existing therapies.

Given the relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma, it can be hypothesized that reducing inflammation in the upper airway with intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) medications may improve asthma outcomes.

This review highlights the mechanisms currently believed to underlie the recognized subphenotypes of EA and NEA and briefly discusses their clinical presentations as well as implications for treatment.